Human Capital Development Strategies of Women Entrepreneurs in Makassar MSMEs
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.59971/jumawa.v3i3.451Keywords:
Women Entrepreneurs, Human Capital Development, MSMEs, Digital Transformation, MakassarAbstract
The rapid proliferation of digital technologies has fundamentally reshaped competitive dynamics for micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs), particularly those led by women in emerging urban markets. This study examines the human capital development (HCD) strategies employed by women entrepreneurs operating MSMEs in Makassar, the principal commercial city of Eastern Indonesia. Using a qualitative phenomenological approach, in-depth interviews were conducted with 15 informants comprising MSME owners and employees, supplemented by direct observation and document analysis. Data were analysed through thematic coding following the Miles, Huberman, and Saldaña framework, with source triangulation and member checking to ensure trustworthiness. Five major themes emerged from the analysis: (1) integration of formal and informal training mechanisms, (2) motivational and inclusive leadership practices, (3) digital adaptation strategies, (4) network and social capital leveraging, and (5) the cultivation of an adaptive learning culture. Findings reveal that women entrepreneurs in Makassar adopt a hybrid, relationally-oriented HCD model that prioritises digital literacy, peer learning, and collaborative networks to navigate digital competition. These strategies reflect a confluence of feminine leadership traits and pragmatic business acumen that extends beyond conventional HRD frameworks. The study contributes empirical evidence from an under-researched geographic and gender context, offering insights for policymakers, MSME development institutions, and scholars of human resource development.
Downloads
References
Alagaraja, M., & Jayasingam, S. (2023). Human resource development in emerging economies: Contextual insights and theoretical extensions. Human Resource Development Review, 22(1), 3–28. https://doi.org/10.1177/15344843221142899
Bank Indonesia. (2023). Laporan perekonomian Sulawesi Selatan 2023. Bank Indonesia Kantor Perwakilan Makassar.
Bass, B. M., & Riggio, R. E. (2006). Transformational leadership (2nd ed.). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Bondarouk, T., Parry, E., & Furtmueller, E. (2021). Digital HRM: A systematic review and future directions. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 32(12), 2483–2513. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2021.1951479
Bowen, G. A. (2009). Document analysis as a qualitative research method. Qualitative Research Journal, 9(2), 27–40. https://doi.org/10.3316/QRJ0902027
Brush, C. G., De Bruin, A., & Welter, F. (2021). A gendered perspective on organisational creation. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 45(3), 477–502. https://doi.org/10.1177/1042258720961764
Calás, M. B., Smircich, L., & Bourne, K. A. (2009). Extending the boundaries: Reframing 'entrepreneurship as social change' through feminist perspectives. Academy of Management Review, 34(3), 552–569. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.2009.40633597
Chaudhuri, S., & Ghosh, R. (2012). Reverse mentoring: A social exchange tool for keeping the boomers engaged and millennials committed. Human Resource Development Review, 11(1), 55–76. https://doi.org/10.1177/1534484311417562
Coleman, J. S. (1988). Social capital in the creation of human capital. American Journal of Sociology, 94(Suppl.), S95–S120. https://doi.org/10.1086/228943
Creswell, J. W., & Poth, C. N. (2018). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches (4th ed.). SAGE Publications.
Garavan, T. N., McCarthy, A., Lai, Y., Murphy, K., Sheehan, M., & Carbery, R. (2021). Training and organisational performance: A meta-analysis of temporal, institutional, and organisational context moderators. Human Resource Management Journal, 31(1), 93–119. https://doi.org/10.1111/1748-8583.12284
Greenleaf, R. K. (2002). Servant leadership: A journey into the nature of legitimate power and greatness (25th anniversary ed.). Paulist Press.
Hmieleski, K. M., & Sheppard, L. D. (2019). The yin and yang of entrepreneurship: Gender differences in the importance of communal and agentic social motives for entrepreneurial leadership effectiveness. Journal of Business Venturing, 34(4), 709–733. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2019.02.001
International Labour Organization. (2022). Women in MSMEs in ASEAN: Addressing barriers and leveraging digital tools. ILO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific.
Kementerian Koperasi dan UKM. (2023). Perkembangan data usaha mikro, kecil, menengah (UMKM) dan usaha besar (UB). Kementerian Koperasi dan UKM Republik Indonesia.
Lincoln, Y. S., & Guba, E. G. (1985). Naturalistic inquiry. SAGE Publications.
Miles, M. B., Huberman, A. M., & Saldaña, J. (2014). Qualitative data analysis: A methods sourcebook (3rd ed.). SAGE Publications.
Nolan, C. T., & Garavan, T. N. (2016). Human resource development in SMEs: A systematic review of the literature. International Journal of Management Reviews, 18(1), 85–107. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijmr.12062
Patton, M. Q. (2015). Qualitative research and evaluation methods (4th ed.). SAGE Publications.
Ratnawati, S., Mansor, N., & Amzah, N. (2021). Women entrepreneurs' social capital and business performance in Indonesia: A conceptual framework. Sustainability, 13(9), 5043. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13095043
Senge, P. M. (1990). The fifth discipline: The art and practice of the learning organization. Doubleday.
Siddiqui, K., & Alarifi, G. (2023). Gendered HRD practices in SMEs: A systematic review and research agenda. European Journal of Training and Development, 47(5/6), 511–534. https://doi.org/10.1108/EJTD-11-2021-0183
Sung, S. Y., & Choi, J. N. (2022). Human capital acquisition and utilization in small firms: The moderating role of firm growth and organisational learning. Journal of Small Business Management, 60(4), 853–879. https://doi.org/10.1080/00472778.2020.1799810
Susomrith, P., & Coetzer, A. (2019). Motivations for participation in informal learning activities. Journal of Workplace Learning, 31(2), 94–108. https://doi.org/10.1108/JWL-07-2018-0088
Thite, M. (2022). Digital human resource development: Where are we? Where should we go and how do we get there? Human Resource Development International, 25(1), 87–103. https://doi.org/10.1080/13678868.2021.2020163
van Manen, M. (2016). Phenomenology of practice: Meaning-giving methods in phenomenological research and writing. Routledge.
Wijaya, T., & Supriyanto, A. S. (2022). Social capital and performance of women-led MSMEs in Indonesia: The mediating role of innovation and networking capability. Journal of Entrepreneurship in Emerging Economies, 14(3), 410–432. https://doi.org/10.1108/JEEE-02-2021-0046
Yin, R. K. (2018). Case study research and applications: Design and methods (6th ed.). SAGE Publications.
